NEW YORK, Feb. 17, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Cowen Inc. (NASDAQ: COWN) today announced its operating results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2022.
Announced Transaction
On August 2, 2022, TD Bank Group (“TD”) and Cowen announced a definitive agreement for TD to acquire Cowen in an all-cash transaction valued at approximately $1.3 billion, or $39 for each Class A common share of Cowen. The transaction remains on track to close in the first calendar quarter of 2023 and is subject to customary closing conditions, including receipt of certain regulatory approvals.
Fourth Quarter 2022 Financial Summary
| Operating Results (GAAP) |
Economic Operating Income (Non-GAAP) |
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| Three Months Ended December 31, |
Three Months Ended December 31, |
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| ($ in millions, except per share information) | 2022 | 2021 | Δ % | 2022 | 2021 | Δ % | |||||||||
| Revenue/Economic Proceeds (Non-GAAP) | $ | 413.9 | $ | 494.3 | (16)% | $ | 371.7 | $ | 454.0 | (18)% | |||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders for diluted earnings per share/Economic Operating Income (Non-GAAP) | $ | 11.2 | $ | 63.3 | (82)% | $ | 9.6 | $ | 86.7 | (89)% | |||||
| Earnings (loss) per common share (diluted) | $ | 0.34 | $ | 2.02 | (83)% | $ | 0.29 | $ | 2.77 | (90)% | |||||
| Note: Throughout this press release the Company presents Non-GAAP financial measures that are not prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”). A reconciliation of these Non-GAAP measures appears under the section, “Reconciliation of US GAAP (Unaudited) to Non-GAAP Measures.” | |||||||||||||||
Capital Optimization Update
During 2022, the Company repurchased $31.1 million of its common stock, or 1,069,002 shares, at an average price of $29.07 per share under the Company’s existing share repurchase program. Outside the share repurchase program, the Company acquired approximately $36.1 million of stock as a result of net share settlements relating to the vesting of equity awards, or 1,058,933 shares, at an average price of $34.07 per share.
Quarterly Cash Dividend
On February 14, 2023, the Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.12 per common share. The dividend will be payable on March 15, 2023, to stockholders of record as of the close of trading on March 1, 2023. If the merger with TD is consummated prior to the close of trading on March 1, 2023, no dividend will be paid to stockholders of Cowen who hold common shares prior to the closing of the merger with TD.
Select Balance Sheet Data
| (Amounts in millions, except per share information) | |||||||
| December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | ||||||
| Common equity (CE) | $ | 1,064.2 | $ | 1,015.9 | |||
| Book value per share (CE/CSO) | $ | 37.69 | $ | 36.57 | |||
| Common shares outstanding (CSO) | 28.2 | 27.8 | |||||
| Note: Common Equity (CE) is equivalent to Cowen Inc. stockholders’ equity. | |||||||
| Cowen Inc. | |||||||||||||||
| US GAAP Preliminary Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollar and share amounts in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended | Twelve Months Ended | ||||||||||||||
| December 31 | December 31 | ||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||
| Revenue | |||||||||||||||
| Investment banking | $ | 138,651 | $ | 263,815 | $ | 494,842 | $ | 1,067,162 | |||||||
| Brokerage | 133,382 | 140,994 | 592,292 | 585,162 | |||||||||||
| Investment income (loss) | |||||||||||||||
| Securities principal transactions, net | 31,205 | 10,282 | 112,829 | 122,110 | |||||||||||
| Portfolio fund principal transactions, net | 11,365 | (2,062 | ) | (4,442 | ) | 338 | |||||||||
| Carried interest allocations | 8,152 | 4,291 | (31,555 | ) | 5,059 | ||||||||||
| Total investment income (loss) | 50,722 | 12,511 | 76,832 | 127,507 | |||||||||||
| Management fees | 16,529 | 16,216 | 66,670 | 72,287 | |||||||||||
| Incentive income | 13 | 299 | 646 | 2,732 | |||||||||||
| Interest and dividends | 69,370 | 51,753 | 312,134 | 219,292 | |||||||||||
| Insurance and reinsurance premiums | 186 | 8,435 | 36,522 | 39,631 | |||||||||||
| Other revenues, net | 14,208 | 2,599 | 7,010 | 5,211 | |||||||||||
| Consolidated Funds revenues | (9,134 | ) | (2,342 | ) | (49,225 | ) | (6,185 | ) | |||||||
| Total revenue | 413,927 | 494,280 | 1,537,723 | 2,112,799 | |||||||||||
| Interest and dividends expense | 82,407 | 47,638 | 259,126 | 211,387 | |||||||||||
| Total net revenue | 331,520 | 446,642 | 1,278,597 | 1,901,412 | |||||||||||
| Expenses | |||||||||||||||
| Employee compensation and benefits | 229,008 | 237,303 | 771,386 | 1,046,371 | |||||||||||
| Insurance and reinsurance claims, commissions and amortization of deferred acquisition costs | (35,890 | ) | 9,095 | (12,260 | ) | 33,938 | |||||||||
| Operating, general, administrative and other expenses | 126,243 | 121,540 | 424,470 | 430,250 | |||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization expense | 6,549 | 5,289 | 27,725 | 19,004 | |||||||||||
| Consolidated Funds expenses | 19 | 111 | 248 | 630 | |||||||||||
| Total expenses | 325,929 | 373,338 | 1,211,569 | 1,530,193 | |||||||||||
| Other income (loss) | |||||||||||||||
| Net (losses) gains on other investments | 2,143 | 11,853 | 9,613 | 35,494 | |||||||||||
| Bargain purchase gain, net of tax | — | — | — | 3,855 | |||||||||||
| Gain/(loss) on debt extinguishment | — | — | — | (4,538 | ) | ||||||||||
| Total other income (loss) | 2,143 | 11,853 | 9,613 | 34,811 | |||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | 7,734 | 85,157 | 76,641 | 406,030 | |||||||||||
| Income tax expense/(benefit) | (11,487 | ) | 25,175 | 10,786 | 102,039 | ||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | 19,221 | 59,982 | 65,855 | 303,991 | |||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | 6,293 | (4,999 | ) | (10,603 | ) | 8,380 | |||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Inc. | 12,928 | 64,981 | 76,458 | 295,611 | |||||||||||
| Less: Preferred stock dividends | 1,698 | 1,698 | 6,792 | 6,792 | |||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Inc. common stockholders | $ | 11,230 | $ | 63,283 | $ | 69,666 | $ | 288,819 | |||||||
| Earnings (loss) per share: | |||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | 0.40 | $ | 2.28 | $ | 2.47 | $ | 10.42 | |||||||
| Diluted | $ | 0.34 | $ | 2.02 | $ | 2.21 | $ | 8.85 | |||||||
| Weighted average shares used in per share data: | |||||||||||||||
| Basic | 28,411 | 27,731 | 28,183 | 27,721 | |||||||||||
| Diluted | 32,744 | 31,355 | 31,544 | 32,628 | |||||||||||
U.S. GAAP Financial Measures
Fourth quarter 2022 revenue was $413.9 million versus $494.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2021. Full-year 2022 revenue was $1.54 billion, down from $2.1 billion for full-year 2021. The year-over-year decrease was primarily due to reduced investment banking activity.
Fourth quarter 2022 investment banking revenues decreased $125.2 million to $138.7 million. Full-year 2022 investment banking revenues decreased $572.3 million to $494.8 million. During full-year 2022, the Company completed 49 underwriting transactions and 137 strategic advisory transactions.
Fourth quarter 2022 brokerage revenues decreased $7.6 million to $133.4 million. Full-year 2022 brokerage revenues increased $7.1 million to $592 million. The year-over-year increase was attributable to an increase in institutional services activity.
Fourth quarter 2022 investment income increased $38.2 million to $50.7 million. Full-year 2022 investment income decreased $50.6 million to $76.8 million. The year-over-year decrease is primarily due to negative carried interest allocations.
Fourth quarter 2022 interest and dividends increased $17.6 million to $69.4 million. Full-year 2022 interest and dividends income increased $92.8 million to $312.1 million. The increase in interest and dividends is primarily attributable to dividends receivable.
Fourth quarter 2022 employee compensation and benefits expenses were $229.0 million, a decrease of $8.3 million from the prior-year period. Full-year 2022 employee compensation and benefits expenses decreased $275 million to $771.4 million. The year-over-year decrease was primarily due to lower revenue.
Fourth quarter 2022 total expenses were $325.9 million, a decrease of $47.4 million from the prior-year period. Full-year 2022 total expenses decreased $318.6 million to $1.21 billion. The year-over-year decrease was primarily driven by lower compensation expenses associated with lower revenues.
Fourth quarter 2022 income tax benefit was $11.5 million compared to $25.2 million income tax expense in the prior-year quarter. Full-year 2022 income tax expense decreased $91.2 million to $10.8 million. The decrease was primarily due to the year-over-year decrease in the Company’s income before income taxes.
Fourth quarter 2022 net income attributable to common stockholders was $11.2 million, down from $63.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2021. Full-year 2022 net income decreased $219.1 million to $69.7 million.
Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2022 Non-GAAP Financial Review
Economic Proceeds
| Three Months Ended | Twelve Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in thousands) | Op Co | Asset Co |
Total | Op Co | Asset Co |
Total | Op Co | Asset Co |
Total | Op Co | Asset Co |
Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Economic Proceeds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment banking | $ | 132,371 | $ | — | $ | 132,371 | $ | 255,155 | $ | — | $ | 255,155 | $ | 478,184 | $ | — | $ | 478,184 | $ | 1,025,688 | $ | — | $ | 1,025,688 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Brokerage | 167,320 | — | 167,320 | 170,347 | — | 170,347 | 719,208 | — | 719,208 | 728,525 | — | 728,525 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Management fees | 19,942 | 150 | 20,092 | 19,807 | 289 | 20,096 | 82,681 | 850 | 83,531 | 79,255 | 1,200 | 80,455 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Incentive income | 13,542 | (1,511 | ) | 12,031 | 13,508 | (6 | ) | 13,502 | (12,678 | ) | (13,143 | ) | (25,821 | ) | 34,579 | (1,153 | ) | 33,426 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income (loss) | 9,925 | (9,292 | ) | 633 | (8,553 | ) | 2,650 | (5,903 | ) | 21,226 | (20,837 | ) | 389 | 8,542 | 6,014 | 14,556 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other economic proceeds | 39,239 | 5 | 39,244 | 792 | (1 | ) | 791 | 57,299 | 7 | 57,306 | 7,942 | (2 | ) | 7,940 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total: Economic Proceeds | 382,339 | (10,648 | ) | 371,691 | 451,056 | 2,932 | 453,988 | 1,345,920 | (33,123 | ) | 1,312,797 | 1,884,531 | 6,059 | 1,890,590 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Economic Interest Expense / (Income) | 10,563 | 1,274 | 11,837 | 4,879 | 698 | 5,577 | 5,233 | 283 | 5,516 | 23,914 | 3,779 | 27,693 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Economic Proceeds | $ | 371,776 | $ | (11,922 | ) | $ | 359,854 | $ | 446,177 | $ | 2,234 | $ | 448,411 | $ | 1,340,687 | $ | (33,406 | ) | $ | 1,307,281 | $ | 1,860,617 | $ | 2,280 | $ | 1,862,897 | |||||||||||||||||
Economic Proceeds were $371.7 million, down 18% from the prior-year period. Full-year 2022 economic proceeds were $1,312.8 million, down 31% year-over-year.
Investment Banking Economic Proceeds were $132.4 million, down 48% from the prior-year period. Full-year 2022 banking proceeds were $478.2 million, down 53% year-over-year. The decrease was primarily due to reduced capital markets activity.
Brokerage Economic Proceeds were $167.3 million, down 2% from the prior-year period. Full-year 2022 brokerage proceeds were $719.2 million, down 1% year-over-year.
Management Fees Economic Proceeds were $20.1 million, flat from the prior-year period. Full-year 2022 management fees were $83.5 million, up 4% year-over-year.
Incentive Income Economic Proceeds were a gain of $12.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 versus a gain of $13.5 million in the prior-year period. Full-year 2022 incentive income proceeds were a loss of $25.8 million. The decline was primarily due to a decrease in performance fees.
Investment Income Economic Proceeds were a gain of $0.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 versus a loss of $5.9 million in the prior-year period. Full-year 2022 investment income proceeds were $0.4 million, a decrease of $14.2 million year-over-year.
Economic Interest Expense (Income) was an expense of $11.8 million, versus an expense of $5.6 million in the prior-year period. Full-year 2022 interest expense decreased $22.2 million year-over-year. The decrease in expense was primarily due to gains from mark-to-market adjustments on interest rate swaps.
Economic Expenses
| Three Months Ended | Twelve Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in thousands) | Op Co | Asset Co |
Total | Op Co | Asset Co |
Total | Op Co | Asset Co |
Total | Op Co | Asset Co |
Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Economic Expenses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compensation & Benefits | $ | 230,245 | $ | 326 | $ | 230,571 | $ | 246,170 | $ | (7,266 | ) | $ | 238,904 | $ | 772,202 | $ | 2,330 | $ | 774,532 | $ | 1,046,730 | $ | 3,871 | $ | 1,050,601 | |||||||||||
| Non-Compensation Expenses | 113,429 | 123 | 113,552 | 93,994 | 174 | 94,168 | 412,192 | 232 | 412,424 | 359,577 | 187 | 359,764 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation & Amortization | 6,544 | 5 | 6,549 | 5,282 | 7 | 5,289 | 27,702 | 23 | 27,725 | 18,982 | 22 | 19,004 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Controlling Interest | 502 | — | 502 | 1,142 | — | 1,142 | 2,314 | — | 2,314 | 5,314 | — | 5,314 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total: Economic Expenses | $ | 350,720 | $ | 454 | $ | 351,174 | $ | 346,588 | $ | (7,085 | ) | $ | 339,503 | $ | 1,214,410 | $ | 2,585 | $ | 1,216,995 | $ | 1,430,603 | $ | 4,080 | $ | 1,434,683 | |||||||||||
Economic Compensation Expenses were $230.6 million, down 3% from prior year period. Full-year 2022 economic compensation expenses were $774.5 million, down 26% year-over-year. Full-year 2022 economic compensation-to-proceeds ratio was 59%.
Economic Fixed Non-Compensation Expenses in the fourth quarter of 2022 were up $1.1 million from the prior-year period at $45.0 million. Full-year 2022 economic fixed non-compensation expenses were $172.0 million, up 7% year-over-year due in part to an increase in headcount as well as investments in infrastructure. The fixed non-compensation-to-economic-
Economic Variable Non-Compensation Expenses were $68.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2022, up from $50.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2021. Full-year 2022 economic variable non-compensation expenses were $240.5 million, an increase of 20% year-over-year due in part to increased client event and entertainment costs and a change in business mix. The variable non-compensation-to-proceeds ratio rose from 10.6% in FY’21 to 18.3% in FY’22.
Economic Depreciation and Amortization Expenses were $6.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 compared to $5.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2021. Full-year 2022 economic depreciation and amortization expenses were $27.7 million, an increase of 46% due primarily to expenses associated with the Portico acquisition in late 2021.
Economic Income and Economic Operating Income
| Three Months Ended | Twelve Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in thousands) | Op Co | Asset Co |
Total | Op Co | Asset Co |
Total | Op Co | Asset Co |
Total | Op Co | Asset Co |
Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pre-tax Economic Income (Loss) | $ | 21,056 | $ | (12,376 | ) | $ | 8,680 | $ | 99,589 | $ | 9,319 | $ | 108,908 | $ | 126,277 | $ | (35,991 | ) | $ | 90,286 | $ | 430,014 | $ | (1,800 | ) | $ | 428,214 | |||||||||||
| Economic income tax expense | 5,474 | (3,218 | ) | 2,256 | 22,090 | 2,489 | 24,579 | 32,832 | (9,358 | ) | 23,474 | 109,654 | (460 | ) | 109,194 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock dividends | 1,511 | 187 | 1,698 | 1,477 | 221 | 1,698 | 5,943 | 849 | 6,792 | 5,841 | 951 | 6,792 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Economic Income (Loss) | $ | 14,071 | $ | (9,345 | ) | $ | 4,726 | $ | 76,022 | $ | 6,609 | $ | 82,631 | 87,502 | (27,482 | ) | 60,020 | 314,519 | (2,291 | ) | 312,228 | |||||||||||||||||
| Add back: Depreciation and amortization expense, net of taxes | 4,843 | 3 | 4,846 | 4,072 | 5 | 4,077 | 20,500 | 17 | 20,517 | 14,142 | 16 | 14,158 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Economic Operating Income (Loss) | $ | 18,914 | $ | (9,342 | ) | $ | 9,572 | $ | 80,094 | $ | 6,614 | $ | 86,708 | $ | 108,002 | $ | (27,465 | ) | $ | 80,537 | $ | 328,661 | $ | (2,275 | ) | $ | 326,386 | |||||||||||
| Economic Income per diluted share | $ | 0.43 | $ | (0.29 | ) | $ | 0.14 | $ | 2.42 | $ | 0.21 | $ | 2.64 | $ | 2.77 | $ | (0.87 | ) | $ | 1.90 | $ | 9.64 | $ | (0.07 | ) | $ | 9.57 | |||||||||||
| Economic Operating Income per diluted share | $ | 0.58 | $ | (0.29 | ) | $ | 0.29 | $ | 2.55 | $ | 0.21 | $ | 2.77 | $ | 3.42 | $ | (0.87 | ) | $ | 2.55 | $ | 10.07 | $ | (0.07 | ) | $ | 10.00 | |||||||||||
The following tables reconciles total US GAAP Revenues and Other Income (Loss) to total Economic Proceeds for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| For the three months ended December 31, 2022 (Dollar amounts in thousands) |
Investment Banking | Brokerage | Investment Income | Management Fees | Incentive Income | Interest and Dividends | Reinsurance Premiums | Other Revenues, net | Consolidated Funds Revenues | Other Income (Loss) | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total US GAAP Revenues and Other Income (Loss) | $ | 138,651 | $ | 133,382 | $ | 50,722 | $ | 16,529 | $ | 13 | $ | 69,370 | $ | 186 | $ | 14,208 | $ | (9,134 | ) | $ | 2,143 | $ | 416,070 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Management Presentation Reclassifications: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | a | (1,867 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (1,867 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reimbursable client expenses | b | (4,413 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | (234 | ) | — | — | (4,647 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities financing interest expense | c | — | (6,783 | ) | — | — | — | (19,690 | ) | — | — | — | — | (26,473 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fund start-up costs, distribution and other fees | d | — | — | — | (395 | ) | — | — | — | (549 | ) | — | — | (944 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Certain equity method investments | e | — | — | — | 3,928 | 3,866 | — | — | — | — | (5,763 | ) | 2,031 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carried interest | f | — | — | (8,152 | ) | — | 8,152 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proprietary trading, interest and dividends | g | — | 4,981 | (29,216 | ) | — | — | (44,480 | ) | — | (10,258 | ) | — | 29,204 | (49,769 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance related activities expenses | h | — | — | — | — | — | — | (186 | ) | 36,077 | — | — | 35,891 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Facilitation trading gains and losses | i | — | 35,740 | (6,705 | ) | — | — | (5,200 | ) | — | — | — | (25,584 | ) | (1,749 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Management Presentation Reclassifications: | (6,280 | ) | 33,938 | (44,073 | ) | 3,533 | 12,018 | (69,370 | ) | (186 | ) | 25,036 | — | (2,143 | ) | (47,527 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fund Consolidated Reclassifications | l | — | — | (6,016 | ) | 30 | — | — | — | — | 9,134 | — | 3,148 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Economic Proceeds | $ | 132,371 | $ | 167,320 | $ | 633 | $ | 20,092 | $ | 12,031 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 39,244 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 371,691 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| For the three months ended December 31, 2021 (Dollar amounts in thousands) |
Investment Banking | Brokerage | Investment Income | Management Fees | Incentive Income | Interest and Dividends | Reinsurance Premiums | Other Revenues, net | Consolidated Funds Revenues | Other Income (Loss) | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total US GAAP Revenues and Other Income (Loss) | $ | 263,815 | $ | 140,994 | $ | 12,511 | $ | 16,216 | $ | 299 | $ | 51,753 | $ | 8,435 | $ | 2,599 | $ | (2,342 | ) | $ | 11,853 | $ | 506,133 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Management Presentation Reclassifications: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | a | (4,703 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (4,703 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reimbursable client expenses | b | (3,957 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | (234 | ) | — | — | (4,191 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities financing interest expense | c | — | (1,126 | ) | — | — | — | (32,855 | ) | — | — | — | — | (33,981 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fund start-up costs, distribution and other fees | d | — | — | — | (341 | ) | — | — | — | (719 | ) | — | — | (1,060 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Certain equity method investments | e | — | — | — | 4,168 | 9,212 | — | — | — | — | (10,962 | ) | 2,418 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carried interest | f | — | — | (4,291 | ) | — | 4,396 | — | — | — | — | — | 105 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proprietary trading, interest and dividends | g | — | 9,371 | (13,028 | ) | — | (285 | ) | (7,217 | ) | — | (195 | ) | — | 12,767 | 1,413 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance related activities expenses | h | — | — | — | — | — | — | (8,435 | ) | (660 | ) | — | — | (9,095 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Facilitation trading gains and losses | i | — | 21,108 | 20 | — | — | (11,681 | ) | — | — | — | (13,658 | ) | (4,211 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Management Presentation Reclassifications: | (8,660 | ) | 29,353 | (17,299 | ) | 3,827 | 13,323 | (51,753 | ) | (8,435 | ) | (1,808 | ) | — | (11,853 | ) | (53,305 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fund Consolidated Reclassifications | l | — | — | (1,115 | ) | 53 | (120 | ) | — | — | — | 2,342 | — | 1,160 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Economic Proceeds | $ | 255,155 | $ | 170,347 | $ | (5,903 | ) | $ | 20,096 | $ | 13,502 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 791 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 453,988 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 (Dollar amounts in thousands) |
Investment Banking | Brokerage | Investment Income | Management Fees | Incentive Income | Interest and Dividends | Reinsurance Premiums | Other Revenues, net | Consolidated Funds Revenues | Other Income (Loss) | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total US GAAP Revenues and Other Income (Loss) | $ | 494,842 | $ | 592,292 | $ | 76,832 | $ | 66,670 | $ | 646 | $ | 312,134 | $ | 36,522 | $ | 7,010 | $ | (49,225 | ) | $ | 9,613 | $ | 1,547,336 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Management Presentation Reclassifications: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | a | (4,914 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (4,914 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reimbursable client expenses | b | (11,744 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | (1,101 | ) | — | — | (12,845 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities financing interest expense | c | — | (10,363 | ) | — | — | — | (103,924 | ) | — | — | — | — | (114,287 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fund start-up costs, distribution and other fees | d | — | — | — | (1,513 | ) | — | — | — | (2,445 | ) | — | — | (3,958 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Certain equity method investments | e | — | — | — | 18,208 | 7,135 | — | — | — | — | (16,040 | ) | 9,303 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carried interest | f | — | — | 31,555 | — | (28,781 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | 2,774 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proprietary trading gains and losses | g | — | (55,407 | ) | (67,956 | ) | — | (4,821 | ) | (98,139 | ) | — | 5,060 | — | 92,981 | (128,282 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance related activities expenses | h | — | — | — | — | — | — | (36,522 | ) | 48,782 | — | — | 12,260 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Facilitation trading gains and losses | i | — | 192,686 | (7,547 | ) | — | — | (110,071 | ) | — | — | — | (86,554 | ) | (11,486 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Management Presentation Reclassifications: | (16,658 | ) | 126,916 | (43,948 | ) | 16,695 | (26,467 | ) | (312,134 | ) | (36,522 | ) | 50,296 | — | (9,613 | ) | (251,435 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fund Consolidated Reclassifications | l | — | — | (32,495 | ) | 166 | — | — | — | — | 49,225 | — | 16,896 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Economic Proceeds | $ | 478,184 | $ | 719,208 | $ | 389 | $ | 83,531 | $ | (25,821 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 57,306 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,312,797 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| For the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 (Dollar amounts in thousands) |
Investment Banking | Brokerage | Investment Income | Management Fees | Incentive Income | Interest and Dividends | Reinsurance Premiums | Other Revenues, net | Consolidated Funds Revenues | Other Income (Loss) | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total US GAAP Revenues and Other Income (Loss) | $ | 1,067,162 | $ | 585,162 | $ | 127,507 | $ | 72,287 | $ | 2,732 | $ | 219,292 | $ | 39,631 | $ | 5,211 | $ | (6,185 | ) | $ | 34,811 | $ | 2,147,610 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Management Presentation Reclassifications: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | a | (24,978 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (24,978 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reimbursable client expenses | b | (16,496 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | (1,206 | ) | — | — | (17,702 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities financing interest expense | c | — | 8,006 | — | — | — | (153,928 | ) | — | — | — | — | (145,922 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fund start-up costs, distribution and other fees | d | — | (361 | ) | — | (9,190 | ) | — | — | — | (2,633 | ) | — | — | (12,184 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Certain equity method investments | e | — | — | — | 15,142 | 25,802 | — | — | — | — | (32,261 | ) | 8,683 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carried interest | f | — | — | (5,059 | ) | — | 5,486 | — | — | — | — | — | 427 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proprietary trading gains and losses | g | — | 44,241 | (92,900 | ) | — | (494 | ) | (19,233 | ) | — | 875 | — | 46,918 | (20,593 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance related activities expenses | h | — | — | — | — | — | — | (39,631 | ) | 5,693 | — | — | (33,938 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Facilitation trading gains and losses | i | — | 91,477 | (11,034 | ) | — | — | (46,131 | ) | — | — | — | (50,151 | ) | (15,839 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Management Presentation Reclassifications: | (41,474 | ) | 143,363 | (108,993 | ) | 5,952 | 30,794 | (219,292 | ) | (39,631 | ) | 2,729 | — | (35,494 | ) | (262,046 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fund Consolidated Reclassifications | l | — | — | (3,958 | ) | 2,216 | (100 | ) | — | — | — | 6,185 | — | 4,343 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income Statement Adjustments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bargain purchase gain | n | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (3,855 | ) | (3,855 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt extinguishment | p | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4,538 | 4,538 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Income Statement Adjustments: | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 683 | 683 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Economic Proceeds | $ | 1,025,688 | $ | 728,525 | $ | 14,556 | $ | 80,455 | $ | 33,426 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 7,940 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,890,590 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
The following table reconciles total US GAAP interest and dividends expense to total Economic Interest Expense for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| Three Months Ended December 31, | Twelve Months Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||
| Total US GAAP Interest & Dividend Expense | $ | 82,407 | $ | 47,638 | $ | 259,126 | $ | 211,387 | ||||||||
| Management Presentation Reclassifications: | ||||||||||||||||
| Securities financing interest expense | c | (26,473 | ) | (33,981 | ) | (114,287 | ) | (145,922 | ) | |||||||
| Fund start-up costs, distribution and other fees | d | (867 | ) | — | (3,204 | ) | (2,257 | ) | ||||||||
| Proprietary trading gains and losses | g | (41,402 | ) | (3,837 | ) | (124,324 | ) | (12,515 | ) | |||||||
| Facilitation trading gains and losses | i | (1,749 | ) | (4,211 | ) | (11,486 | ) | (15,839 | ) | |||||||
| Total Management Presentation Reclassifications: | (70,491 | ) | (42,029 | ) | (253,301 | ) | (176,533 | ) | ||||||||
| Income Statement Adjustments: | ||||||||||||||||
| Accelerated debt costs | p | — | — | — | (5,557 | ) | ||||||||||
| Amortization of discount/(premium) on debt | m | (79 | ) | (32 | ) | (309 | ) | (1,604 | ) | |||||||
| Total Income Statement Adjustments: | (79 | ) | (32 | ) | (309 | ) | (7,161 | ) | ||||||||
| Total Economic Interest Expense / (Income) | $ | 11,837 | $ | 5,577 | $ | 5,516 | $ | 27,693 | ||||||||
The following tables reconcile total US GAAP Expenses and non-controlling interests to total Economic Expenses for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| Three Months Ended December 31, 2022 | Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in thousands) | Employee Compensation and Benefits | Non-compensation US GAAP Expenses (including Depreciation and Amortization) | Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and investment funds | Total | Employee Compensation and Benefits | Non-compensation US GAAP Expenses (including Depreciation and Amortization) | Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and investment funds | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total US GAAP | $ | 229,008 | $ | 96,921 | $ | 6,293 | $ | 332,222 | $ | 237,303 | $ | 136,035 | $ | (4,999 | ) | $ | 368,339 | |||||||||||||||
| Management Presentation Reclassifications: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | a | — | (1,867 | ) | — | (1,867 | ) | — | (4,703 | ) | — | (4,703 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reimbursable client expenses | b | — | (4,647 | ) | — | (4,647 | ) | — | (4,191 | ) | — | (4,191 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fund start-up costs, distribution and other fees | d | — | (77 | ) | — | (77 | ) | — | (1,060 | ) | — | (1,060 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Certain equity method investments | e | — | 2,031 | — | 2,031 | — | 2,418 | — | 2,418 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carried interest | f | — | — | — | — | — | 105 | — | 105 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proprietary trading gains and losses | g | — | 1,093 | (9,460 | ) | (8,367 | ) | — | 1,522 | 3,728 | 5,250 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance related activities expenses | h | — | 35,891 | — | 35,891 | — | (9,095 | ) | — | (9,095 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Associated partner/banker compensation | j | 1,884 | (1,884 | ) | — | — | 1,949 | (1,949 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Management company non-controlling interest | k | (321 | ) | (181 | ) | 502 | — | (348 | ) | (794 | ) | 1,142 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total Management Presentation Reclassifications: | 1,563 | 30,359 | (8,958 | ) | 22,964 | 1,601 | (17,747 | ) | 4,870 | (11,276 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Fund Consolidated Reclassifications | l | — | (19 | ) | 3,167 | 3,148 | — | (111 | ) | 1,271 | 1,160 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Income Statement Adjustments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition related adjustments | n | — | (8,442 | ) | — | (8,442 | ) | — | (5,271 | ) | — | (5,271 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Contingent liability adjustments | n | — | 1,282 | — | 1,282 | — | (12,440 | ) | — | (12,440 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and/or other impairment | r | — | — | — | — | — | (1,009 | ) | — | (1,009 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Income Statement Adjustments: | — | (7,160 | ) | — | (7,160 | ) | — | (18,720 | ) | — | (18,720 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Economic Expenses | $ | 230,571 | $ | 120,101 | $ | 502 | $ | 351,174 | $ | 238,904 | $ | 99,457 | $ | 1,142 | $ | 339,503 | ||||||||||||||||
| Twelve months Ended December 31, 2022 | Twelve months Ended December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in thousands) | Employee Compensation and Benefits | Non-compensation US GAAP Expenses (including Depreciation and Amortization) | Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and investment funds | Total | Employee Compensation and Benefits | Non-compensation US GAAP Expenses (including Depreciation and Amortization) | Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and investment funds | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total US GAAP | $ | 771,386 | $ | 440,183 | $ | (10,603 | ) | $ | 1,200,966 | $ | 1,046,371 | $ | 483,822 | $ | 8,380 | $ | 1,538,573 | |||||||||||||||
| Management Presentation Reclassifications: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | a | — | (4,914 | ) | — | (4,914 | ) | — | (24,978 | ) | — | (24,978 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reimbursable client expenses | b | — | (12,845 | ) | — | (12,845 | ) | — | (17,702 | ) | — | (17,702 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fund start-up costs, distribution and other fees | d | — | (754 | ) | — | (754 | ) | — | (9,927 | ) | — | (9,927 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Certain equity method investments | e | — | 9,303 | — | 9,303 | — | 8,683 | — | 8,683 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carried interest | f | — | 2,774 | — | 2,774 | — | 427 | — | 427 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proprietary trading gains and losses | g | — | 2,583 | (6,541 | ) | (3,958 | ) | — | 5,275 | (13,353 | ) | (8,078 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance related activities expenses | h | — | 12,260 | — | 12,260 | — | (33,938 | ) | — | (33,938 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Associated partner/banker compensation | j | 4,509 | (4,509 | ) | — | — | 5,621 | (5,621 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Management company non-controlling interest | k | (1,363 | ) | (951 | ) | 2,314 | — | (1,391 | ) | (3,923 | ) | 5,314 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total Management Presentation Reclassifications: | 3,146 | 2,947 | (4,227 | ) | 1,866 | 4,230 | (81,704 | ) | (8,039 | ) | (85,513 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Fund Consolidated Reclassifications | l | — | (248 | ) | 17,144 | 16,896 | — | (630 | ) | 4,973 | 4,343 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Income Statement Adjustments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition related amounts | n | — | (16,293 | ) | — | (16,293 | ) | — | (6,593 | ) | — | (6,593 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Contingent liability adjustments | n | — | 13,560 | — | 13,560 | — | (15,118 | ) | — | (15,118 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and/or other impairment | r | — | — | — | — | — | (1,009 | ) | — | (1,009 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Income Statement Adjustments: | — | (2,733 | ) | — | (2,733 | ) | — | (22,720 | ) | — | (22,720 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Economic Expenses | $ | 774,532 | $ | 440,149 | $ | 2,314 | $ | 1,216,995 | $ | 1,050,601 | $ | 378,768 | $ | 5,314 | $ | 1,434,683 | ||||||||||||||||
The following table reconciles US GAAP Net Income (loss) Attributable to Cowen Inc. Common Stockholders to Pre-tax Economic Income (Loss), Economic Income (loss) and Economic Operating Income (loss):
| Three Months Ended December 31, | Twelve Months Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollar amounts in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||
| US GAAP Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Inc. common stockholders | $ | 11,230 | $ | 63,283 | $ | 69,666 | $ | 288,819 | ||||||||
| Income Statement Adjustments: | ||||||||||||||||
| US GAAP Income tax expense (benefit) | o | (11,487 | ) | 25,175 | 10,786 | 102,039 | ||||||||||
| Amortization of discount (premium) on debt | m | 79 | 32 | 309 | 1,604 | |||||||||||
| Goodwill and/or other impairment | r | — | 1,009 | — | 1,009 | |||||||||||
| Debt extinguishment gain (loss) and/or accelerated debt costs | p | — | — | — | 10,095 | |||||||||||
| Bargain purchase gain | n | — | — | — | (3,855 | ) | ||||||||||
| Contingent liability adjustments | n | (1,282 | ) | 12,440 | (13,560 | ) | 15,118 | |||||||||
| Acquisition related amounts | n | 8,442 | 5,271 | 16,293 | 6,593 | |||||||||||
| Preferred stock dividends | q | 1,698 | 1,698 | 6,792 | 6,792 | |||||||||||
| Pre-tax Economic Income (Loss) | 8,680 | 108,908 | 90,286 | 428,214 | ||||||||||||
| Economic income tax expense | (2,256 | ) | (24,579 | ) | (23,474 | ) | (109,194 | ) | ||||||||
| Preferred stock dividends | (1,698 | ) | (1,698 | ) | (6,792 | ) | (6,792 | ) | ||||||||
| Economic Income (Loss) | 4,726 | 82,631 | 60,020 | 312,228 | ||||||||||||
| Add back: Depreciation and amortization expense, net of taxes | 4,846 | 4,077 | 20,517 | 14,158 | ||||||||||||
| Economic Operating Income (Loss) | $ | 9,572 | $ | 86,708 | $ | 80,537 | $ | 326,386 | ||||||||
The following table reconciles US GAAP Net Income (loss) Attributable to Cowen Inc. Common Stockholders Earnings Per Common Share (Diluted) to Pre-tax Economic Income (loss) Per Common Share (Diluted), Economic Income (loss) Per Common Share (Diluted) and Economic Operating Income (loss) Per Common Share (Diluted):
| Three Months Ended December 31, | Twelve Months Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars per share) | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||
| US GAAP Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Inc. common stockholders | $ | 0.34 | $ | 2.02 | $ | 2.21 | $ | 8.85 | ||||||||
| Income Statement Adjustments: | ||||||||||||||||
| US GAAP Income tax expense (benefit) | o | (0.35 | ) | 0.80 | 0.34 | 3.13 | ||||||||||
| Amortization of discount (premium) on debt | m | — | — | 0.01 | 0.05 | |||||||||||
| Goodwill and/or other impairment | r | — | 0.03 | — | 0.03 | |||||||||||
| Debt extinguishment gain (loss) and accelerated debt costs | p | — | — | — | 0.31 | |||||||||||
| Bargain purchase gain | n | — | — | — | (0.12 | ) | ||||||||||
| Contingent liability adjustments | n | (0.04 | ) | 0.40 | (0.43 | ) | 0.46 | |||||||||
| Acquisition related amounts | n | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.52 | 0.20 | |||||||||||
| Preferred stock dividends | q | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.21 | |||||||||||
| Pre-tax Economic Income (Loss) per common share (diluted) | 0.27 | 3.47 | 2.86 | 13.12 | ||||||||||||
| Economic income tax expense | (0.07 | ) | (0.78 | ) | (0.74 | ) | (3.35 | ) | ||||||||
| Preferred stock dividends | (0.05 | ) | (0.05 | ) | (0.22 | ) | (0.21 | ) | ||||||||
| Economic income (Loss) per common share (diluted) | 0.14 | 2.64 | 1.90 | 9.57 | ||||||||||||
| Add back: Depreciation and amortization expense, net of taxes | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.65 | 0.44 | ||||||||||||
| Economic Operating Income (Loss) per common share (diluted) | $ | 0.29 | $ | 2.77 | $ | 2.55 | $ | 10.01 | ||||||||
Note: Amounts may not add due to rounding.
Adjustments made to US GAAP Net Income (Loss) to arrive at Economic Operating Income (Loss)
| Management Reclassifications | |
| Management reclassification adjustments and fund consolidation reclassification adjustments have no effect on Economic Operating Income (Loss). These adjustments are reclassifications to change the location of certain line items. | |
| a | Underwriting expenses: Economic Proceeds presents investment banking revenues net of underwriting expenses. |
| b | Reimbursable client expenses: Economic Proceeds presents expenses reimbursed from clients and affiliates within their respective expense category but is included as a part of revenues under US GAAP. |
| c | Securities financing interest expense: Brokerage within Economic Proceeds included net securities borrowed and securities loaned activities which are shown gross in interest income and interest expense for US GAAP. |
| d | Fund start-up costs, distribution and other fees: Economic Proceeds and Economic Interest Expense are net of fund start-up costs and distribution fees paid to agents and other debt service costs. |
| e | Certain equity method investments: Economic Proceeds and Economic Expenses recognize the Company’s proportionate share of management and incentive fees and associated share of expenses on a gross basis for equity method investments within the activist business, real estate operating entities and the healthcare royalty business. The Company applies the equity method of accounting to these entities and accordingly the results from these businesses are recorded within Other Income (Loss) for US GAAP. |
| f | Carried interest: The Company applies an equity ownership model to carried interest which is recorded in Investment income – Carried interest allocation for US GAAP. The Company presents carried interest as Incentive Income Economic Proceeds. |
| g | Proprietary trading, interest and dividends: Economic Proceeds presents interest and dividends from the Company’s proprietary trading in investment income. |
| h | Insurance related activities expenses: Economic Proceeds presents underwriting income from the Company’s insurance and reinsurance related activities, net of expenses, within other revenue. The costs are recorded within expenses for US GAAP reporting. |
| i | Facilitation trading gains and losses: Economic Brokerage Proceeds presents gains and losses on investments held as part of the Company’s facilitation and trading business within brokerage revenues as these investments are directly related to the markets business activities while these are presented in Investment income – Securities principal transactions, net for US GAAP reporting. |
| j | Associated partner/banker compensation reclassification: Economic Compensation Expense presents certain payments to associated banking partners as compensation rather than non-compensation expenses. |
| k | Management company non-controlling interest: Economic Expenses non-controlling interest represents only operating entities that are not wholly owned by the Company. The Company also presents non-controlling interests within total expenses for Economic Income (Loss). |
| Fund Consolidation Reclassifications | |
| l | The impacts of consolidation and the related elimination entries of the Consolidated Funds are not included in Economic Income (Loss). Adjustments to reconcile to US GAAP Net Income (Loss) included elimination of incentive income and management fees earned from the Consolidated Funds and addition of investment fund expenses excluding management fees paid, investment fund revenues and investment income (loss). |
| Income Statement Adjustments | |
| m | Pre-tax Economic Income (Loss) excludes the amortization of discount (premium) on debt. |
| n | Pre-tax Economic Income (Loss) excludes acquisition related adjustments (including bargain purchase gain and contingent liability adjustments). |
| o | Pre-tax Economic Income (Loss) excludes US GAAP income taxes. |
| p | Pre-tax Economic Income (Loss) excludes gain/(loss) on debt extinguishment and accelerated debt costs. |
| q | Pre-tax Economic income (Loss) excludes preferred stock dividends. |
| r | Economic Income (Loss) excludes goodwill and other impairments. |
About Cowen Inc.
Cowen Inc. (“Cowen” or the “Company”) is a diversified financial services firm that provides investment banking, research, sales and trading, prime brokerage, outsourced trading and commission management services. Cowen also has an investment management division which offers actively managed alternative investment products. Founded in 1918, the Company is headquartered in New York and has offices worldwide. Learn more at Cowen.com
